Bastard (Law of England and Wales) Totally Explained

A bastard in the law of England and Wales was a person whose parents, at the time of their birth, were not married to each other. A person conceived to a couple not married to each other but who subsequently marry before the birth wouldn't be treated as a bastard.
Unlike many other systems of law, there was no possibility of post hoc legitimisation of a bastard. If the parents married after the birth, the child would remain a bastard.

Common law origin

Bastardy wasn't a status, like villeinage, but the fact of being a bastard had a number of legal effects on an individual.

A bastard was neither a direct nor a collateral heir of their parents -- a useful consequence if the parents were villains.

A bastard couldn't be ordained as a priest. One exception to the general principle that a bastard couldn't inherit, occurred when the eldest son (who would otherwise be heir) was born a bastard, but the second son was born after the parents were married. The eldest son is referred to as a bastard eigne, the second son a mulier puisne.
If the bastard eigne entered onto land of his father and became seised of it until his death, the mulier pusine and all other potential heirs of the father wouldn't inherit, rather heirs of the bastard eigne's body would inherit.
The Provisions of Merton 1235 (20 Hen. 3 c. IX), otherwise known as the Special Bastardy Act 1235, provided that except in the case of real actions the fact of bastardy could be proved by trial by jury, rather than necessitating a bishop's certificate.

Reform

Post-hoc legitimisation was introduced under the Legitimacy Act 1926 (16 & 17 Geo. 5 c. 60) and the Family Law Reform Act 1969 (c. 46) allowed a bastard to inherit on the intestacy of his parents.

In Medieval Wales

In Medieval Wales, prior to its conquest by and incorporation in England, a "bastard" was defined solely as a child not acknowledged by his father. All children acknowledged by a father, whether born in or out of wedlock, had equal legal rights including the right to share in the father's inheitance. This legal difference between Wales and England is often referred to in the well-known "Brother Cadfael" series of Medieval detective mysteries, and provides the solution to the mystery in one of them.

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